Want to create SVGs that scale to all devices? Here are the things you'll need to remember.
The many advantages of SVG – including infinitely scalable vector images, small file sizes and direct integration with the DOM – make it a natural fit for responsive web design. Despite the SVG specification being a decade old, its relatively recent support in many browsers and tools means there are still a number of tricks, loopholes and gotchas that catch out even experienced web designers and developers.
Here, I've summarised the most important of these as 10 golden rules, but for more web design tools see our roundup of web hosting services and the top website builder around.
01. Set up your tools correctly
Just as a craftsman sharpens his tools before beginning work, anyone working with SVG must set their applications up to deliver vector format in the most efficient and optimised method possible. There are a number of settings to implement.
First, unless there are compelling reasons to do otherwise, set measurements to 'pixels' in your vector tool. While it doesn't matter to SVG (which will measure the viewBox and elements happily in almost any measurement system) it makes sense to develop the SVG drawing using common CSS units, rather than the print default of inches; and it also makes it much easier to add @media queries and other interventions later.
Don't make the canvas area any larger than it needs to be. Like bitmap images, any 'blank space' in the SVG won't be used, and is best substituted with CSS margins. Note that many vector tools, such as Sketch, will automatically 'crop' the canvas area to selected elements.
At the same time, don't crop the canvas area to the exact edges of elements. Antialiasing will still be applied to the SVG, and cutting it too close may also crop out the antialiasing. Instead, leave at least 2px clear wherever the edge of the canvas comes close to an element.
Responsiveness and performance are closely related, so set the decimal precision to be no more than two points. SVG doesn't think in integers, so a vector point can have a value of 1.45882721px. This extreme precision is entirely unnecessary, and only adds to code bloat and file size, so it's better to truncate it at this point.
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Similarly, draw vector shapes using as few points as possible. Many new designers assume more points is better, when the reverse is actually true: a few points, placed well, provide greater control over an element, while also reducing file size.
If you're given vector files that do not follow this rule, don't worry – most vector art applications have a 'simplify' option you can use to reduce the number of points in an element without changing its shape. Alternatively, for detailed work I'd suggest a plugin like Astute Graphics' VectorScribe.
02. Remove height and width attributes
Most apps add a lot of proprietary, unnecessary code in their SVG export. The only required code at the start of most SVG files is the following:
For our purposes, the most important aspect is the removal of the width and height attributes that most applications include automatically. This makes the SVG fully responsive in modern browsers.
If you're processing a lot of SVGs, or are in a rush, you don't need to complete this step by hand. Instead, you can follow the suggestions laid out in the third golden rule...
03. Optimise and minify SVG output
A combination of intelligent hand-editing and post-production optimisation can reduce SVG file sizes markedly
Whatever tool you use to create your SVG content, it's still worthwhile processing its output through a tool like SVGOMG, which will trim the code markedly. Typically, you can save around 20 to 80 per cent in file size. The same code can be integrated locally as a gulp or Grunt task.
04. Modify code for IE
Rule 2 mentioned that correctly optimised SVGs are fully responsive in modern browsers. That's true if we count Microsoft Edge as a modern browser. For IE 9-11, we have a few issues to address. If we are using the SVG as an image:
<img src="countdown.svg alt="Countdown">
We can force IE9-11 to display the image correctly using the CSS attribute selector:
img[src$=".svg"] {width: 100%;}
SVG images work well in general production, but have limited interactivity: most browsers will ignore interactivity and animation inside an SVG placed on a page as an . In addition, SVG images are an extra HTTP request for the browser.
For these and other reasons, SVG is increasingly used inline. In that case, the SVG code needs a little more treatment for IE:
In addition to the preserveAspectRatio attribute, IE needs a little more guidance to preserve the correct scaling of the image: take the width of the SVG (365 in this case), divide it by the height (525) and multiply the result by 100 per cent. This will become the padding-bottom value for the SVG, 'propping' it open enough in IE to display the SVG in its correct aspect ratio:
Note that, in order to keep things concise and clear, the code samples in the rest of this article don't include these changes. Amelia Bellamy-Royds has written an excellent article on scaling SVG.
05. Consider SVG for hero text
Using SVG for hero text means it will automatically scale in line with its container
There's currently no CSS standard for sizing text to its container. It's possible to scale text using vw units, but that will almost always require at least two media query interventions to 'clamp' the text at certain viewport limits. However, SVG text will resize to a container automatically:
Keeping the SVG inline preserves accessibility and SEO value, and allows the text to be styled using any font already embedded in the page. See here for more information.
06. Leave width and height in place for progressive icons
A non-scaling-stroke line has been applied to this speech bubble so it will not change in width when the viewport is resized
One exception to Rule 2 is icons and small logos, which should retain their width and height attributes if you want them to be progressively enhanced:
You can see an example of this technique in action here.
If we only size the SVG icons with CSS, and the site's style sheet doesn't load, the icons will appear at the default size of a replaced element: 300px x 150px. By keeping the height and width as attributes, we can size them to the nearest reasonable touch size by default, and use our CSS to enhance the way they are presented.
07. Use vector-effects to keep hairlines thin
By default, SVG scales everything with the viewport, including stroke thickness. Usually this works out fine, but in some cases – diagrams and strokes applied as effects on the outside of text in particular – you may want to keep strokes the same thickness, no matter what the size of the drawing. This is the domain of the little-known vector-effect property, which can be applied as a presentation attribute or in CSS:
Many developers assume SVG can only use vectors, but JPEGs and PNGs can also be applied to an SVG drawing. And so long as you've followed my rules so far, those images will be responsive when you add a bitmap via the tag:
The classic Coca-Cola logo rendered at different adaptive sizes
Making things go 'squish' is only one part of responsive design. What RWD is about, in the larger sense of adaptive design, is presenting appropriate content at all viewport sizes.
This can be achieved in a variety of ways. responsivelogos.co.uk provides a series of examples that use SVG sprites, but I prefer to integrate media queries into the SVG to create what I call 'branding modules'. This approach enables me to add, remove and modify the visibility of components. Read more about adaptive branding modules in my article.
This same technique can be used for diagrams, illustrations, maps and more. In the simplest modules, the CSS itself can be written inside the SVG, making it usable everywhere, as outlined in the previous rule.
10. Integrate media queries into SVG
Many people don't know that CSS media queries can be written inside SVG itself:
It's important to note that the media query can only 'see' the element it is inside of: that is, any measurement relates to the element itself, not the page. One potential downside of this approach is that the canvas area of the SVG will always remain the same, relative to the elements inside it.
The infinite scalability of SVG is its greatest asset, but a feature that is still somewhat underserved by browsers and vector graphics editors. By integrating these guidelines into your production workflow and communicating them to others in your team, you can create smoothly responsive SVG for the web, making it part of the assets you use in development every day. Remember, if you're embarking on a design project, be sure you've got the perfect cloud storage for your needs.
